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<text><span class="style10">he Motorcar (5 of 6)1. DevelopmentModern cars</span><span class="style7">In August 1959, Austin Morris launched the Mini Minor, which has profoundly influenced all subsequent small-car design. By mounting the engine </span><span class="style19">across</span><span class="style7"> the chassis, its Greek-born designer, Sir Alexander Issigonis (1906-88), created a small car with more interior space than many large saloons of the day. The Mini also used the then relatively unusual technology of front-wheel drive, which obviated the need for a bulky transmission tunnel in the car. Today virtually all small cars use this layout. Cars have now evolved to the extent that most can reach speeds in excess of 160 km/h (100 mph) and achieve over 50 km(31 mi) per gallon. At the same time standards of reliability have improved dramatically, so that cars generally give thousands of kilometers of trouble-free motoring - and all for a fraction of the money it would have cost (in real terms) to buy an equivalent car in the 1920s. At the upper end of the market, many cars are turbocharged, fuel-injected, have four-wheel drive and are capable of around 240 km/h (150 mph).In recent years Japanese cars have made the greatest technical progress, and the Far East is now the world-leader in engine-design. US manufacturers have had trouble shedding their reputation for producing 'gas-guzzlers', but are now designing economy-conscious cars with greater international appeal. Europe, the traditional breeding ground of car innovation and design, will have to change direction as the car evolves further.The move is now towards cars that give out less toxic waste and do less damage to the environment. This has led in many countries to legislation enforcing the use on cars of </span><span class="style19">catalytic converters</span><span class="style7">, which detoxify many of the harmful substances in the exhaust gases. However, concern about the burning of fossil fuels and the consequent environmental damage is sure to continue, and it seems clear that the car will have to change radically in the coming decades if it is to survive.AF </span></text>
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<text>ΓÇó ENGINESΓÇó OIL AND GASΓÇó THE MOTORCAR 2</text>
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<text>308310354</text>
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<text><span class="style10">odern car design</span><span class="style7"> includes features such as independent front suspension, front wheel drive, anti-lock brakes, and improved fuel economy.</span></text>
